{"id":488,"date":"2016-10-07T04:27:29","date_gmt":"2016-10-07T04:27:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/phalesaigon.com\/?p=488"},"modified":"2020-07-01T11:00:58","modified_gmt":"2020-07-01T04:00:58","slug":"su-ra-doi-va-phat-trien-cua-vat-lieu-thuy-tinh","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/phalesaigon.com\/su-ra-doi-va-phat-trien-cua-vat-lieu-thuy-tinh\/","title":{"rendered":"S\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u th\u1ee7y tinh"},"content":{"rendered":"

V\u1eadt li\u1ec7u th\u1ee7y tinh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u c\u1ed5 x\u01b0a nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i. Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t thu\u1ef7 tinh, obsidian l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n n\u0103m \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh dao, m\u0169i t\u00ean m\u1eb9o, \u0111\u1ed3 trang s\u1ee9c vv Manmade k\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e1o c\u00e1o trong c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c c\u00e0ng s\u1edbm Mesopotamian nh\u01b0 4500 BC.\u00a0 D\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ee7y tinh nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1eb9n h\u00f2 c\u0169 nh\u01b0 3000 BC c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y t\u1ea1i Ai C\u1eadp.<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1ng ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean nh\u1eefng ly compositions c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, soda lime silicate k\u00ednh.\u00a0 Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 nghi ng\u1edd c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n soda ash, t\u1eeb ch\u00e1y, \u0111\u00e1 v\u00f4i, t\u1eeb seashells silica v\u00e0 c\u00e1t, t\u1eeb c\u00e1c b\u00e3i bi\u1ec3n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn n\u00e0y.\u00a0 Tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 k\u00ednh coated \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng s\u1edbm nh\u01b0 12000 BC v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n d\u01b0\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c glazes v\u00e0 enamels tr\u00ean g\u1ed1m g\u1ed1m, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n presumably n\u01b0\u1edbc tightness c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u jugs, chai v\u00e0 and vase.
\n\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eafn d\u00f2ng m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a th\u1ee7y tinh<\/a> s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t t\u1eeb c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u th\u00f4 cho ng\u00e0y hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 cao v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u th\u1ee7y tinh\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong nhi\u1ec1u \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng.<\/p>\n

1500 BC – Containers, Touthmosis III, c\u00e1t khu\u00f4n v\u1edbi c\u00e1t l\u00f5i v\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf c\u1ee7a scraping.<\/p>\n

900 TCN – Trong Xi-ri & Rhodes, Hy L\u1ea1p, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t th\u1ee7y tinh, thu\u1ef7 tinh c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c n\u1ea5u \u0103n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng<\/p>\n

650 TCN – Tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean Glassmaking C\u1ea9m nang, Assyrian Assurbanipal c\u1ee7a Th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n<\/p>\n

500 TCN – Venetian k\u00ednh ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra and vase v\u00e0 m\u1ea3nh k\u00ednh th\u1ee7y tinh<\/a> cu\u1ed9n<\/p>\n

50 TCN – Phoenician glassblowing kh\u1edfi s\u1eafc \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra k\u00ednh ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt<\/p>\n

25 TCN – 400 AD – Roman \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c g\u00e2y ra nhanh ch\u00f3ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t thu\u1ef7 tinh tan, l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 trong c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c Trung<\/p>\n

100 AD – Th\u1ee7y tinh chi ph\u00ed nhanh ch\u00f3ng t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i v\u00e0 cho l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean tr\u1edf n\u00ean s\u1eb5n c\u00f3 cho \u00edt h\u01a1n aristocracy<\/p>\n

1000 AD – Venice k\u00ednh trung t\u00e2m chi ph\u1ed1i trong s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t th\u1ee7y tinh, Murano l\u00e0 h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trung t\u00e2m l\u1edbn k\u00ednh.\u00a0 Venice di chuy\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 k\u00ednh ovens \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea3o Murano \u0111\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf nh\u1eefng nguy c\u01a1 h\u1ecfa ho\u1ea1n.\u00a0 Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp draconian h\u00ecnh ph\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 k\u00ednh hi\u1ec7n caught jeopardizing c\u00e1c Venetian \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng trong s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t th\u1ee7y tinh b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c b\u00ed m\u1eadt \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i.<\/p>\n

1590 – Thu\u1ef7 tinh Telescope microscope v\u00e0 \u1ed1ng k\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u1edf H\u00e0 Lan v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng cho l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean<\/p>\n

1600 – Ph\u00e1p th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh trong c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p th\u1ee7y tinh, Henry IV confers \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 Italians \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t th\u1ee7y tinh trong l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u1edf Ph\u00e1p<\/p>\n

1665 – Jean Baptiste Colbert k\u00ednh t\u1eadp trung th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp dominance k\u00ednh ph\u1eb3ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong cung Of Versailles l\u00e2u d\u00e0i nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n

1693 – Ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u0103n h\u1ed9 cho c\u00e1c g\u01b0\u01a1ng k\u00ednh v\u00e0 c\u1eeda s\u1ed5, Saint-Gobain nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng “S\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t Royle des Glaces c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p”<\/p>\n

1765 – “pha l\u00ea thu\u1ef7 tinh” b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t<\/p>\n

1800 – cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p dawns m\u1ed9t k\u1ef7 nguy\u00ean m\u1edbi trong s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t th\u1ee7y tinh.\u00a0 “Synthetic” h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0m cho th\u1ee7y tinh c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng cho l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean.\u00a0 T\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi n\u00e2ng cao ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ly tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3.<\/p>\n

1863 – sovay qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 chi ph\u00ed c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ch\u1ea5t ch\u00ednh trong th\u1ee7y tinh, natri oxide.
\n1867 – Siemens anh em, Freiderich, Karl, Hans, Wilhelm Werner v\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng s\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean regenerative k\u00ednh trong l\u00f2 Dresden, \u0110\u1ee9c<\/p>\n

1875 – K\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt k\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u1edf \u0110\u1ee9c, Abbe, Schott, v\u00e0 Carl Zeiss.\u00a0 Tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Jena, Jena, \u0110\u1ee9c tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0nh khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt th\u1ee7y tinh trung t\u00e2m.\u00a0 D\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ee7y tinh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 trong infancy.<\/p>\n

1876 – Bausch & Lomb Quang C\u00f4ng ty \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp \u1edf Rochester, NY.\u00a0 Th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a \u1ed1ng k\u00ednh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n quang.<\/p>\n

1900 – Mechanized b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh<\/p>\n

1915 – Tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Sheffield th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp C\u1ee5c C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t th\u1ee7y tinh, b\u00e2y gi\u1edd g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Trung t\u00e2m Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Th\u1ee7y tinh<\/p>\n

1920 – Griggith l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 th\u1ebf m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a brittle v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho k\u00ednh bulbs c\u1ed1 weakened c\u1ee7a scratches, s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 v\u00e0 l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a th\u1ee7y tinh<\/p>\n

1923 – Gob Feeder gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u r\u1ed9ng kh\u1eafp th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/p>\n

1925 – C\u00e1 nh\u00e2n Ph\u1ea7n (IS) chai m\u00e1y invented c\u1ee7a Henry Ingle \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c gov feeder \u0111\u1ec3 t\u0103ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m chi ph\u00ed s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t th\u1ee7y tinh ch\u1ee9a.<\/p>\n

1926 – Arthur G\u1ed7 v\u00e0 David x\u00e1m c\u1ee7a Corning Glass Works ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n “399” m\u00e1y t\u00ednh sau n\u00e0y g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 “Ribbon” m\u00e1y \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng bulbs.\u00a0 Bulbs c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a 1000 cho m\u1ed7i ph\u00fat.<\/p>\n

1932 – William Zachariasen xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n l\u00e0 “ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean M\u1ea1ng Gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft” c\u1ee7a th\u1ee7y tinh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a th\u1ee7y tinh h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh trong J. Amer.\u00a0 Chem.\u00a0 X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/p>\n

1950 -1960 – Ford Motor Co thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp c\u00e1c trung t\u00e2m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u k\u00ednh, k\u00ednh s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0nh khoa h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt<\/p>\n

1959 – Pilkington Brothers s\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n c\u00e1c phao th\u1ee7y tinh, x\u1eed l\u00fd v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u t\u1ea1i Anh v\u00e0 s\u1ebd revolutionized cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 c\u0103n h\u1ed9 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t th\u1ee7y tinh.<\/p>\n

1970 – 1. Silica quang s\u1ee3i s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng Corning k\u00ednh b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t h\u01a1i deposition attenuation k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u truy\u1ec1n.<\/p>\n

1970-1980 – m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc th\u1ee7y tinh tr\u00ean c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u1ea1i Hoa K\u1ef3 Catholic University, Penn State, Rutgers vv<\/p>\n

1984 – Marcel & Michel Poulain v\u00e0 Jacques Lucas kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong fluoride k\u00ednh Rennes, Ph\u00e1p.<\/p>\n

Ng\u00e0y h\u00f4m nay – D\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ee7y tinh \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u di chuy\u1ec3n ngo\u00e0i oxide k\u00ednh chemistries tan truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 ch\u1ebf bi\u1ebfn.\u00a0 Ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n m\u1edbi ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh sol-gel ch\u1ebf bi\u1ebfn, h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t h\u01a1i deposition \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n.\u00a0 K\u00ednh chemistries m\u1edbi \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c th\u1eddi gian, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng oxide chemistries nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \u1ea3nh nh\u0169 t\u01b0\u01a1ng k\u00ednh, chalcogenide ly v\u00e0 chalcohalide ly.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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